A white kitchen faucet is an excellent choice for any modern or contemporary kitchen decor. The best white kitchen faucet offers a range of attractive benefits and features that your family will enjoy.
Whether you’re upgrading or replacing a leaking tap, a white faucet can add value to your kitchen decor. White faucets will add style, comfort, and convenience to your kitchen. These faucets can help you work more efficiently.
Table of Contents
Quick Comparison: Best white Kitchen Faucets
Model |
Product Name |
Water Flow Rate |
Price |
---|---|---|---|
1.8 GPM |
|||
1.8 GPM |
|||
1.75 GPM |
|||
Pfister G133-10WW Series 1-Handle Pull-Out Kitchen Faucet, White |
1.75 GPM |
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Delta Faucet White 440-WH-DST Collins Single-Handle Kitchen Faucet |
1.8 GPM |
Top 7Best White Kitchen Faucet Reviews:
1. Kraus KPF-1673CHWH Nolen Single Handle White Faucet
In most cases, when using a faucet, you need something quite simple to operate and maintain. This Kraus Nolen single handle best looking white kitchen faucet comes in a unique style that makes your work easy.
It features the Anti-Clogging Aerator function that gives optimal performance as well as a splash-free stream. The Magnetic Docking feature ensures that the Sprayhead fits into a position to create a firm hold.
This white kitchen faucet is built with two functions for your kitchen efficiency. This allows you to operate between aerated stream suitable for regular use and powerful spray ideal for heavy-duty washing. Moreover, it is considered as the best kitchen faucets 2019 consumer reports.
Go easy …….
It is easy to raise the kitchen’s level with style thanks to the introduction of high-arc Nolen kitchen faucet. The Nolen is a single handle, an easy to use, budget kitchen faucet that gets your job done. It doesn’t need a lot of experience to operate.
Read our complete guide about the best kitchen faucets under $200.
With just a single handle, you can make water temperature adjustments. This single-handle faucet for kitchen sinks also is capable of getting the water flow adjusted. The spray nozzles offer easy clean thanks to the Soft Rubber Spray Holes.
It is easy to wipe away any build-up to provide improved performance for more extended periods. The Quickconnect feature allows you to fix supply lines of water efficiently without the requirement of Hand-tighten.
Experience flexibility……
Enjoy all the flexes of the Kraus Nolen white kitchen sink faucet as a result of the Reach Pull-Down Technology. This is due to the easy-Retract Hose technique that is flexible and the Swivel Adapter. This technique makes it easy for you to reach out of any place in the kitchen sink with much flexibility.
The High Arc Spout that features a Pre-Rinse Sprayer is flexible to swivel 360o. It can sweep away the stubborn residue in the sink with the use of a stable spray feature. The smart handle feature also allows you to maneuver through a 900 rotation in a forward rotation.
This flexibility makes it easy to be installed in remarkably tighter places without the need of Backsplash. The Braided Nylon Hose is also flexible so that you experience easy kitchen tasks.
Pros:
- Quite flexible for all kitchen tasks
- Rust-resistant
- Easy to use
- Highly durable
- Offers secure hold
- Offers effective cleaning
- Fits well on any kitchen sink
- Long-lasting performance
Cons:
- Hose connection is quite loose
2. Moen 87017W 1-Handle Pull Out White Kitchen Faucet
When you want style, sophistication, and beauty at your kitchen sink area, your obvious choice would be the Moen brand. The overall quality of the faucet is good with a modern, sleek look and feel.
The faucet is an excellent addition to any kitchen layout and design. It is highly functional and can help you get your kitchen tasks done in short order. The nozzle is of molded plastic, which complements the remaining metal assembly of the faucet.
The Moen 87017W kitchen faucet weighs 4.76 pounds and is an affordable option for tight budgets. It is classy yet practical for washing up and prepping and will be pleasing for years to come.
Easy does it…..
The faucet is straightforward and easy to install. The package includes ½-inch connectors, and a plastic-style wrench to help you tighten the nuts and bolts under the sink. Although it comes with a base plate to accommodate three holes, you can set it up in a single-hole sink.
The deck mount measures 10.5 inches, and it is 6-7/16-inches high from the base to the point where the water comes out. Also, it measures 8-11/32-inches from the base to the top of the pullout handle.
Works like a charm……
Almost 50 percent of customers say the faucet functions well with few issues. They appreciate the simplicity and ease of use of the faucet.
The 80717W faucet has a built-in hose and convenient pullout sprayer handle. The deck mount measures slightly more than ten inches, and the head allows you to select a regular or circular stream of water flow. It is easy to switch on and off, and customers report they experience no leaks while operating.
It also rotates from side to side, with an excellent swiveling motion. The handle is light and easy to operate. The hose also moves freely inside the faucet body and switches on and off quickly and smoothly.
The pullout handle is easy to operate. It is convenient for filling large pots and utensils in the sink or on the countertop. It also helps reduce splashing and conserves water. The spray option makes minimal noise while helping to control water pressure.
Pros:
- Stylish design
- Easy to install
- Reasonable water flow
- Works very well
- No leaks
- Helps conserve water
- Convenient pullout handle
Cons:
- No water mix feature
3. Glacier Bay Market Pull-down White Faucet
This Glacier Bay Market white pull down kitchen faucet comes in a white finish to add functionality and elegance to your kitchen. The stylish Swan-like design and arc spout also increases the appearance of the kitchen.
This easy-to-use faucet has a single handle design with a conventional pull-down spray wand. The wand comes with two spray modes and a long reach that makes it easier to reach hard areas for comfortable work. There is also a disc cartridge for drip performance, and the faucet features metal for durable performance.
Ergonomic solution…
Like most pull-down faucets, the Glacier Bay Market pull-down faucet comes with multiple spray options and a tall arc spout. As a result, they come in handy for filling pitchers and bigger pans.
When compared to pull-out faucets, pull-down faucets are more ergonomic with a better fluid hand motion. What this means is that it allows you to maneuver and twist the hose to the side without stress. On the downside, though, the extra spout high could reduce the water pressure.
Sleek and powerful…
Another noteworthy feature of the faucet is its stylish yet functional appearance. Since it stands high above the sink, the faucet has enough reached to get water to the different corners of the sink. Plus, more than one spray modes provide an opportunity to choose between a gentle and powerful water spray.
The head can be pulled down to go in any direction. However, the faucet as a whole does not move to the side.
Unlike some faucets that come with traditional rubber washer, the Glacier Bay Market pull-down faucet features ceramic disc cartridge. This is because rubber washers wear with use resulting in a leak. Ceramic disc, on the other hand, is more resilient to make the faucet last longer.
Since the faucet needs just about 90-degree rotation, less friction is applied to the discs. Reduced friction plus hard ceramic material also mean a reduction in water erosion without annoying leaks. The single handle design also makes the product easy to use.
Pros:
- Sturdy design
- Easy installation process
- Single handle design
- Dual spray modes
- Pull-down spray wand
- Ceramic disc cartridge
- Durable metal construction
- White elegant finish
Cons:
- The sprayer head is a bit tight to remove from the handle
4. Pfister G13310WW Single Handle Kitchen Faucet in White
The Pfister faucet helps conserve as much as 20 percent of your overall water usage. The brand also meets approval for CALGreen classification as a water-efficient faucet. It utilizes around 1.75 gallons of water per minute at 60psi.
As if that were not enough, the faucet meets the standard for use by persons with disabilities. The metal components are lead-free. They meet the regulations in a few US territories for lead-free taps. The removable filter in the spray head helps remove any contaminants in the water for safe drinking.
Eye-Catcher…….
The first thing you’ll notice about the faucet is the sheer elegance of the design. It is undoubtedly a crowd-pleaser, especially if you have an eat-in kitchen. The unit is well built, with a flawless stainless steel finish that wards off fingerprints. It is easy to clean and retains its beauty for years to come.
The faucet is easy to install with or without a deck plate. It has two spray options for ease of use. The pullout, single-handle control allows for multi-spray and full flow toggle options. The spray head works very fast with good water pressure.
The faucet works very well with a swivel mechanism. You get reasonable amounts of water pressure in the spray nozzle, and it clears the sink in a cinch. The spray feature returns to the regular mode when you switch the tap off.
Customers’ feedback suggests the faucet is significantly easier to mount if you compare it with similar brands. It switches automatically between the spray mode and standard flow. The long pullout hose allows you to reach any area around the sink up to 10 inches or more.
Sturdy components…….
The faucet parts are a blend of metal and plastic. The pullout hose is lightweight and allows users a relaxed, yet stable grip. The brushed aluminum spray head is durable, and the metal base plate is sturdy and long-lasting.
The faucet can fit any sink setup, including granite and other countertop materials. You can also install it in the center or corner of the sink. The faucet also utilizes a counterweight on the host to help steady it and allow it to retract quickly.
Pros:
- Excellent design
- Great value
- Simple to set up
- Environmentally friendly
- Disabled friendly
- Sturdy components
- Durable and long-lasting
- Conserves water
Cons:
- Low water flow
5. Delta Faucet Single-Handle White Faucet with Side Sprayer
The Delta 440 white kitchen faucet has a robust side sprayer system with a retractable hose. It blows away any mess quickly and easily, leaving your sink clean and bright. The design and technology help expand the lifespan of the faucet. Moreover, research suggests the life expectancy is about twice the industry standard for faucets.
Daring Design……
The attractive faucet fits in well with any modern kitchen design. It offers lots of charm and simple elegance in a stainless steel finish. It’s a deck-mounted, brass, side spray faucet with a plastic, lightweight plastic sprayer.
The 45-inc sprayer hose is compatible for use in a double sink, once you set it up in the middle to allow it to swing on either side. It also works well with both hot and cold water and is easy to install. The hose is easy to full out and reaches almost 10 inches from the faucet base.
The flexible plastic parts attach quite easily to your existing pipelines for a seamless installation process. The tap turns on smoothly and maintains a robust, steady stream. The aerator can pump up to 1.8 gallons of water per minute. The package comes with all the fittings for a fast, easy setup.
Handy Helper……
The hose is lightweight and durable and is easy to maneuver. The faucet parts are sturdy, and the entire unit is well built. It is affordable, attractive, and highly functional.
For your convenience, the faucet is compatible with a 4-hole and 8-inch system. The all-in-one assembly pack has everything at hand for a hassle-free setup. It also features InnoFlex PEX lines that interface with the faucet to help reduce leaks.
Cleaning and maintaining the color involves an easy wipe down provided you follow the guidelines for maintaining the faucet. However, the color will keep its shine throughout the lifespan of the faucet.
The flexible high-arc shape allows the filter to fit under it and quickly turn easily. The arch rotates up to 180 degrees for optimal convenience and control. You can complete various kitchen tasks in comfort while switching to hot and cold options as the need arises.
Pros:
- Excellent range of motion
- Heavy-duty
- Strong materials
- Works very well
- Reasonable in price
- Highly desirable
- Attractive design
- High-arc faucet
Cons:
- Inconsistent temperature controls
6. Delta Faucet 440-WH-DST Collins Single-Handle White Faucet
No products found.The deck-mounted Delta Faucet 470-WH-DST has 1.8GPM flowrate with a pull-out faucet style. It also has a standard head style and has a white finish. The water flow is considerably enough to knock off food particles from the plate and a smooth hose makes it easy to pull out the nozzle.
Technology is the icing…
A product of Delta faucet, it incorporates Diamond Seal Technology with a patented design that reduces leak and installation stress. The Diamond seal technology, coupled with comprehensive durability testing, makes the product one of the top rated white kitchen faucets.
To demonstrate its leak-proof performance, the handles were turned on and off for about 500,000 times. The faucets also undergo up to 100 hand inspections, water, and air testing.
The diamond seal technology is made of an internal contact surface that contains tiny diamonds. The diamonds prevent harmful metal contaminants from mixing with the water and also make the valve durable and leak-free.
The product also features a clean touch design for long-lasting performance. This design improves resistance against abrasion and discoloration. It also makes the product easy to clean.
Cleaning with breeze…
For easy access and clean-up, 9-inch swivels allow easy access to the sink area. There is also a pull-out spray wand that will enable you to reach hard-to-reach areas by providing a 38-inch reach efficiently.
More on cleaning, you can clean the faucet by swiping your finger across the soft rubber nubbins. This wipes away the lime buildup and calcium. By implication, you don’t need to use chemical cleaners since the touch-clean spray holes allow you to wipe away stains easily.
Plus, there is a dual function sprayer that allows you to toggle between steam and spray. A retractable hose also makes your kitchen task simpler. The faucet also comes with an optional 10-3/4-inch escutcheon base and is CA/VT and ADA compliant.
The product package includes an installation guide, an innoflex PEX supply lines, and an optional deck plate for 3-hole installation.
Pros:
- Leak-free performance
- Uniform chrome finish
- Lightweight handle pulls and retracts easily
- Includes clear installation guide
- Easy cleaning process
- Flexible design
- Light materials
- Sleek appearance
Cons:
- Water temperature can be difficult to regulate
7. Delta Fuse Stainless Steel Pull Down White Kitchen Faucet
There are several reasons why a kitchen user will go for a single handle pull-down kitchen faucet. The first thing is that it is easy to install a kitchen plumbing fixture.
The second thing is that you only need a single hole to fit. Lastly, they are readily available for purchase due to their affordable nature.
The Delta Faucet 9158-SB-DST is a single-handle kitchen faucet that has the pull-down sprayer. First, it is very durable because of the Stainless steel material. Second, it is an easy-to-use kitchen fixture and, lastly, easy to install, just to mention but a few.
Single usability…..
Make your kitchen sparkle by fixing the Delta Faucet 9158-SB-DST Fuse and a million ways to smile and use. With a single handle, you can adjust the temperatures of water and adjust the water flow for convenient usability.
The single handle offers easy installation to fit a single hole. In some cases, it can be flexed to fit 3 holes with 8 inches. In such situations, you will need a separately purchased RPR64472SS deck plate.
The faucet includes the integration of InnoFlex PEX lines for a single minimal leak point. Dual functionality brings a touch of switching between the steam and full-spray features.
Cleans easy and Goes high-tech………
Experience the easiness and no time lime and calcium build-up with the Delta kitchen faucet. With just a finger touch, you can clean the build-up without using chemical cleaners or soaking. Features the High-arc Spout can swivel to 3600 to access tight corners of the sink.
The Pull-down feature makes it easy to use the faucet and aid the desired water flow.
A combination of style and technology brings beauty in the kitchen and performance that you want. The high-tech in the Delta Faucet prevents possible leaks from minimizing water use.
The Magna Tite Docking, on the other hand, maintains the firmness of the pull-down spray. The Diamond Seal Technology brings about a reliable and lifetime performance.
The Duramount system is easy to install. The diamond Seal Valve is embedded with a diamond ceramic disc, which minimizes the chances of seals wearing without lubrication.
Delta faucet is available in three finishes. They include Brilliance Stainless that has Cracked Pepper, Snowflake White, and Chili Pepper.
Pros:
- Mounted with either 1 or 3 holes
- Features diamond Seal Technology
- Reliable performance
- Has three finishes
- ADA compliant
- Diamond Seal Valve doesn’t require lubrication
- Simple to clean
Cons:
- Doesn’t support global shipping
Things to Consider Before Choosing a White Kitchen Faucet
There are different types of kitchen faucets, and before purchasing one, there are things to consider. All the faucets on the market have the pros and cons of which you have to look for the white faucet. The following are some of the important things to consider.
Height of spout and reach
There is a great variance of spouts when it comes to height as well as reach, and most people choose what appears good. Tall spouts can’t fit well on shelves that are above the kitchen sink.
On the other hand, a short spout won’t be the right choice for users who prefer sinks with three bowls. It is, therefore, necessary to consider height as well as reach to have a convenient sink faucet.
Sink faucet Holes
Kitchen sinks are designed in different designs, the same thing with kitchen faucets. Sometimes they are not compatible. It is, therefore, necessary to determine the number of pre-drilled faucets so that you can buy the right fitting. It is important when you fit a brand new faucet that is already fixed faucet.
It also applies to when you buy a new sink and faucet for fitting. The two must be compatible. Some faucets usually have mounting plates, and in the case, you need to check the number of holes they can accommodate.
There is usually a range of one to four holes where you can mount. The three holes are for spout as well as two handles, while the fourth one is for an accessory like the soap dispenser.
Water Lines
Before purchasing the new white kitchen sink faucet, it must match with water supply lines. To check the already fitted water line as well shutoff valves, look beneath the sink at the cabinet’s base. You can measure the water line size with a tape measure to be sure.
It is usually a good thing to replace a shutoff valve before any new faucet is installed. In most cases, old valves tend not to work, and it is good to cut off the water supply when replacing. Newer models of sink faucets have the 3/8-inch lines, which are flexible.
The Finish
The finish of your kitchen faucet speaks volumes regarding your kitchen aesthetics. When choosing the kitchen faucet, make sure it matches the sink’s accessories. If other kitchen fixtures are finished with brushed nickel, the faucet shouldn’t be shinny.
In general, good looks and a perfect match of the kitchen faucet and kitchen accessories should be considered greatly.
The different forms include Satin Black, Stainless Steel, Polished Brass, brushed nickel, just to mention but a few. The faucet finish should match with the kitchen’s design.
The finishes mentioned in this review offer durability and have great aesthetics. The durability, however, varies from one finish to the other.
Chrome finish is more durable than the others, and besides, it is easy to maintain. This is no wonder it is preferred in most public bathrooms and kitchens. It has the toughness you can rely on
The Handle Type
There are usually three different types of sink faucet handles, and each of them has the pros and cons. A single handle type of faucet is usually a convenient one as opposed to a dual-handle type.
Although the dual-handle type has a unique symmetry suitable for most bathrooms, the single-handle has all the benefits. With single-handle faucets, adjustments in water temperature are quite easy with just a finger touch.
The temperature adjustment with a single handle isn’t precise as compared to dual handle faucet. You can also adjust the required water flow. A single handle is easy to install, and any user can operate it. They also very convenient, and this makes them more popular.
Go for Ceramics valves
The ceramic valve is better to minimize cases of dripping. Some valves can remain drip-free for few years, but ceramic valves are very reliable in terms of durability. They are in the same range as other faucets in terms of price, but they are at least the right choice.
Water Flow Rate
The rate of water flow is usually a significant thing to consider when buying a perfect white kitchen faucet. The water flow rate of the faucet should match the rate of flow in the pipes.
Those that have restrictions are the best because they regulate airflow, which can keep it below 2.5 GPM. Most of the modern white kitchen faucets are designed with higher water efficiency, but sometimes it can turn up to be wasteful.
Accessories
It is possible to accessorize the sink faucet. In most cases, the soap dispenser can be used as an accessory right next to the faucet or at your preferred position. You can install a spray accessory as well. It is important, therefore, to consider a faucet that accommodates accessories.
Read our latest guide about the best luxury kitchen faucet.
Why Do You Need a White Faucet?
While there are many color options for your kitchen, a white faucet can provide a unique look to your overall design. Among popular finishes like stainless steel, copper, nickel, and some others, a white faucet is in a class all of its own.
Appealing
A white kitchen faucet is a conversation starter in any home. Everybody likes a bright, well-appointed kitchen where friends and family can gather for fun and fellowship. A white faucet can lend a classic, timeless aesthetic that looks sleek, clean, and attractive.
Enhances the decor
Most homeowners like experimenting with colors that express their tastes and style. White is bold and helps to brighten your overall kitchen atmosphere. Whether it’s a white theme or a contrasting color design, it will hold its own for years to come.
Protective
According to our research, a faucet with a white finish is not only attractive but acts as a barrier against rust and other abrasions. Most white finishes are spot, stain, and scratch-resistant.
Durable
Research reveals the average faucet can last between 15 and twenty years, depending on wear and tear. Also, further studies suggest the white coat can also help extend the lifespan of the faucet. The protective layers can help keep the faucet from breaking down in short order.
Easy to maintain
Studies also show that white is easy to maintain. It’s hard to miss a clean, white surface, so the color will always appear shiny and new when it’s clean. It creates a lasting impression of a well-kept kitchen.
Benefits of Using a White Faucet
1. Ultimately Neutral
Since white is a complementary color, it doesn’t stand out oddly, but rather gives a classic feel to your kitchen and complements other features. They are universal faucets that will go with any kitchen design. This is why white is the ultimate neutral color since it looks great with any color it is paired with.
2. Hygenic Routine
Stain and scratch to white faucets are more noticeable than other colors. As a result, you require being extra careful around them and developing a hygienic routine that wipes off stains immediately they occur. Hence, installing a white kitchen faucet is an excellent way to train you on how to maintain such a product in good condition.
3. Love At First Sight
Because white faucets are usually the centerpiece in any kitchen, it is bound to catch the attention of your visitors at first sight. Plus, they are alluring and have a classy feel to them. White kitchen faucets evoke a positive emotional reaction, a feeling that should be well written over every kitchen.
4. Durable
Like other faucets that are sturdily built, white faucets are usually the best in quality, provided that they are from a reputable brand. As such, the color is never a substitute for durable performance but an icing on the cake.
5. Light Reflector
Reflective lights make a room more spacious. Not only it is appealing to the eyes, but also the feeling also represents purity. A white faucet reflects exterior and interior light to make the faucet appear larger.
How to Clean a White Faucet
Always follow your instructions manual to ensure you preserve the integrity of the faucet.
1. Always wear gloves when cleaning your faucet.
2. Avoid using any harsh chemicals or polish on the faucet.
3. Remove any particles on the faucet with a soft brush.
4. Use a damp cloth and wipe the faucet. Finish up with a dry cloth to clear away any water spots that may remain.
5. Warm water and a soft cloth can help remove hard stains.
6. To clean calcium or water stains, mix equal parts water and white vinegar.
7. Rinse the faucet surface with water and dry with a fresh cloth.
White Kitchen Faucet Material Guide
Whatever the type of material is made of, it is usually determined by the type of finish used. The finish ranges from a coating of enamel to gold coating or plating. Some parts are fabricated with others machine pressed or stamped while there are others cast molded.
Brass is usually a combination of Lead, Zinc, and Copper. Faucets made of brass usually have tiny components that might be leached into water that can be used for drinking. The risk usually reduced by the need to use 8% lead or less than that in faucets made of brass. This is a requirement by the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Most sink faucets usually have a brushed and polished chrome finishing. This can also include satin, high-gloss, antique brass, plating gold, and coated powder. In many instances, brass sink faucets are nickel-plated before being plated with brass.
A finish with high-gloss brass ensures that there is minimal maintenance. Kitchen faucets are made of brass material because it prevents corrosion.
Faucets can also be made of Stainless Steel, which is another common material and a bit costly. However, you can find other cheaper models made from zinc alloy. Brass, however, is the most robust of all other materials.
Additionally, faucets finished with brushed nickel are the best. Those with an additional titanium material coating make the whole thing scratch-free and reduce tarnishing. Chrome finish has the lowest robust, although cost-effective.
Who Make the Top-Rated Kitchen Faucets?
Like all faucets that are not created equal, manufacturers are not equally great. Let’s look at a few brands with a track record of delivering high-quality faucets.
1. Moen
Moen faucets are WaterSense, and ADA certified. Plus, the brand is well-known for incorporating high-end technology, high-quality material, and breezy installation. Other features include power boosters and motion detection technology. However, Moen faucets are one of the most expensive of the bunch.
2. Pfister
Pfister has enjoyed the track record as a company with one of the best customer service in the industry. Most of these are demonstrated in the willingness and the speed of replacing faulty faucets. The brand provides different styles that range from teapot style and high arch curved neck faucets.
3. Delta
Delta Faucets are known for easy installation that is usually backed by an easy-to-use installation guide. Design range from single-handle to double, touchless, and wall-mounted with different finishes. With a single tap design, users no longer have to deal with leaving stains around the faucet.
4. Kraus
Although it is a relatively new brand, Kraus faucets have enjoyed worldwide acceptance since their introduction in 2009. Although they may not be as renowned as other brands on our list, Kraus us is known for its high-quality design at a budget-friendly price. The faucets also have a sleek appearance to complement contemporary and modern homes.
5. Glacier Bay
The stylish swan design and white finish of the Glacier Bay faucets are sure to add style to your kitchen. Tall arc sprout allows you to fill bigger pans faster and reach the far-end part of the sink with ease. Metal construction, combined with multiple spray modes, enables the company to compete with other brands.
What’s the Winner?
From our research, Moen 87017W Kitchen Faucet. This white faucet offers exceptional design, quality, and easy to install that helps better working in your kitchen. It is attractive, super quality, and durable. Other than that, it looks beautiful and supplies water perfectly. During our study, we find the faucets on our list to be sturdy, well-built, user-friendly, appealing, affordable, and easy to install.
Moreover, white faucets are easy to clean and maintain, and the finish will help preserve the lifespan of the faucet. They will easily blend in with any style, décor, and color scheme to add vibrancy and a touch of class. Hopefully, you have made final decision in selecting the best white kitchen faucet through our research.